EARTH QUAKES

An earthquake makes the ground move or shake. These natural events can cause massive damage and destruction. The study of earthquakes is called seismology.

An earthquake is caused by sudden, violent shifting of massive rocks called plates under the earth's surface. This movement of the plates releases stress that accumulates along geologic faults. A fault is a deep crack that marks the boundary between two of these plates. Earthquake belts occur along faults around the world. Many run along coastal areas. The San Andreas fault in central California is well-known for causing severe earthquakes.

The epicenter is the point on the surface where the earthquake is the strongest. The Richter scale is used to measure the amount of energy released by the earthquake. The severity of an earthquake runs from 0 to 9 on this scale. Small tremors occur constantly, but every few months a major earthquake occurs somewhere in the world. Scientists are researching ways to predict earthquakes, but their predictions are not always accurate.

What causes earthquakes?

Earthquakes are caused by faulting, a sudden lateral or vertical movement of rock along a rupture (break) surface. 
The surface of the Earth is in continuous slow motion. This is plate tectonics--the motion of immense rigid plates at the surface of the Earth in response to flow of rock within the Earth. The plates cover the entire surface of the globe. Since they are all moving they rub against each other in some places (like the San Andreas Fault in California), sink beneath each other in others (like the Peru-Chile Trench along the western border of South America), or spread apart from each other (like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge).  

Earthquake Safety Tips:

When an earthquake happens, you don't want to be caught unprepared. As a precautionary method to keep you and your family safe, act before the sudden strike of an earthquake. Here are some specific earthquake safety precautions that need to be handled before it's too late to act.


Earthquake safety rules for your house involves certain sections.

• The shelves should be secured to the walls and keep heavy objects on the bottom shelf.
• In the kitchen, place all the fragile items such as glass, china, and bottled foods in lower cabinets that have latches.
• Keep the pictures and mirrors away from the beds and sofas; absolutely away from where people sit underneath it.
• If there is any defect in the wiring or gas connections, fix it as soon as possible, to avoid potential risk of fire.
• Any visible cracks in the walls, ceilings, or the foundations of your house should be taken care of immediately.
• Stand against the inside of a wall which doesn't have anything above it; clear sky.
• Stand away from glass windows, walls, pictures, cabinet, and bookcases.
• Stay away from tall buildings, don't stand underneath trees or telephone and Electricity poles and towers

DISASTERS

DISASTER

A disaster is the tragedy of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

                  Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

                  A disaster can be defined as any tragic event with great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions.

Classification

For more than a century researchers have been studying disasters and for more than forty years disaster research has been institutionalized through the Disaster Research Center. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an Earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flood.

Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard (e.g., volcanic eruption or earthquake) affects humans. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g., strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas.

Man-made disaster

Disasters caused by human action, negligence, error, or involving the failure of a system are called man-made disasters. Man-made disasters are in turn categorized as technological or sociological. Technological disasters are the results of failure of technology, such as engineering failures, transport disasters, or environmental disasters. Sociological disasters have a strong human motive, such as criminal acts, stampedes, riots and war.

Disaster management

With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of adequate infrastructure India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to suffer very often from various natural disasters, namely drought, flood, cyclone, earth quake, landslide, forest fire, hail storm, locust, volcanic eruption, etc. Which strike causing a devastating impact on human life, economy and environment. Though it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage caused by the disasters, it is possible to (i) Minimize the potential risks by developing early warning strategies

(ii) Prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters

(iii) Mobilize resources including communication and telemedicine services, and

(iv) to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reconstruction.

                  Space technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation of disasters. While communication satellites help in disaster warning, relief mobilization and tale-medicinal support, earth observation satellites provide required database for pre-disaster preparedness programmers, disaster response, monitoring activities and post-disaster damage assessment, and reconstruction, and rehabilitation. The article describes the role of space technology in evolving a suitable strategy for disaster preparedness and operational framework for their monitoring, assessment and mitigation identifies gap areas and recommends appropriate strategies for disaster mitigation vis-à-vis likely developments in space and ground segments.

                  Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flood and cyclones are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. The rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environment  has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas mere vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters.

            However, it is possible to reduce the impact of disasters by adopting suitable disaster mitigation strategies. The disaster mitigation works mainly address the following:

1. minimize the potential risks by developing disaster early warning strategies
2. prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
3. mobilize resources including communication and tale-medicinal services
4. to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction
5. Disaster management on the other hand involves